{"id":5423,"date":"2025-09-03T15:10:13","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T13:10:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/?p=5423"},"modified":"2025-09-03T15:15:14","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T13:15:14","slug":"flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\/","title":{"rendered":"Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our latest paper with Louis Navarre, Quentin de Coninck, Tom Barbette and Olivier Bonaventure has recently appeared in SIGCOMM CCR!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In short:<\/strong> Flexicast QUIC brings multicast back to the Internet by blending it with unicast, all within QUIC. It offers scalability where multicast works, and robustness where it doesn\u2019t \u2014 making it a practical transport for the next generation of large-scale applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Flexicast_QUIC_CCR.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Flexicast_QUIC_CCR.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-c0257b1f-1775-4bab-9ff7-2f911f678927\" href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Flexicast_QUIC_CCR.pdf\">Flexicast_QUIC_CCR<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Flexicast_QUIC_CCR.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-c0257b1f-1775-4bab-9ff7-2f911f678927\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3750832.3750834\">acm<\/a> ;  <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/IPNetworkingLab\/flexicast-quic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">code<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In long:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When distributing live video, software updates, or cloud gaming streams, today\u2019s Internet almost exclusively relies on <strong>unicast<\/strong>: each receiver gets its own copy of the data. This is simple and robust but highly inefficient, especially when thousands of receivers consume the same content. The cost is felt both at the sender \u2014 which must generate and encrypt per-receiver packets \u2014 and in the network, which carries redundant traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Multicast<\/strong> was designed decades ago to solve exactly this problem: a source transmits once, and routers replicate packets along a multicast tree. But despite its promise, multicast never became mainstream on the global Internet. It is difficult to deploy across ISPs, hard to monetize, and fragile \u2014 applications always need to fall back to unicast anyway. Most content providers gave up and built massive unicast infrastructures instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the wide deployment of <strong>QUIC<\/strong>, a modern transport protocol running above UDP, there is a chance to revisit multicast \u2014 not at the IP layer, but directly at the transport layer. This is where <strong>Flexicast QUIC<\/strong> comes in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"471\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic-1024x471.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic-1024x471.png 1024w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic-768x354.png 768w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic.png 1336w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">FlexiCast uses a multicast stream shared between users, and individual unicast streams to send feedback or act as a fallback. The feedback is used to send more FEC frame to compensate loss, and if the client can&#8217;t keep up, use unicast as a fallback.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Idea of Flexicast QUIC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flexicast QUIC, presented in our <em>SIGCOMM CCR 2025<\/em> paper, extends <strong>Multipath QUIC<\/strong> to combine the efficiency of multicast with the reliability of unicast. The idea is to make multicast <em>flexible<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Each receiver gets a <strong>unicast QUIC path<\/strong> for control and fallback.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The sender also establishes a <strong>flexicast flow<\/strong>: a shared, unidirectional path encrypted with a common key and intended for all receivers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If multicast routing is available, this flow is carried efficiently through the network. If not, the sender can still replicate the packets itself and deliver them over unicast.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Receivers can join or leave the flexicast flow at any time. If multicast fails for one receiver, it automatically falls back to unicast \u2014 without affecting others. All this happens within the same QUIC connection, so applications don\u2019t need to juggle two protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Design Points<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flexicast QUIC builds on QUIC\u2019s extensible design:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Per-path keys<\/strong>: unlike regular Multipath QUIC, each unicast path and the flexicast flow use distinct encryption keys.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reliability<\/strong>: acknowledgments are sent over unicast paths, aggregated at the sender to avoid the classic <em>ack implosion<\/em> problem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Congestion control<\/strong>: the sender maintains per-receiver congestion states. If one receiver drags the group down, it can be removed from the flexicast flow and served over unicast.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implementation and Results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We implemented Flexicast QUIC in <strong>Cloudflare\u2019s quiche<\/strong> library (Rust), adding ~10,000 lines of code and 5,000 lines of tests. The evaluation was run on CloudLab and emulated networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"971\" height=\"965\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5483\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf.png 971w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf-768x763.png 768w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fc-perf-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">FlexiCast can scale much better than pure QUIC delivery<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scalability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Unicast QUIC<\/strong>: saturates at ~200 receivers (~20 Gbps). CPU is the bottleneck, as every packet must be encrypted per receiver.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flexicast QUIC<\/strong>: supports <strong>1000 receivers<\/strong> and delivers <strong>>80 Gbps<\/strong>, over 4\u00d7 higher throughput than unicast QUIC, with acceptable CPU usage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With a small acknowledgment delay (5 ms), Flexicast QUIC perfectly matches the ideal UDP baseline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even without multicast in the network, Flexicast QUIC still helps: the sender can replicate encrypted packets using <code>sendmmsg<\/code>, which is far cheaper than generating per-receiver packets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Robustness<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We tested Flexicast QUIC with a 5 Mbps live video stream under failing multicast trees. Some receivers randomly lost multicast connectivity, forcing fallback to unicast. Results:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Other receivers were unaffected.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Video quality stayed excellent (SSIM > 0.99 for 99.4% of frames).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latency remained low, with only small tail increases during recovery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This shows Flexicast QUIC provides seamless continuity even when multicast is unreliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why It Matters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flexicast QUIC makes multicast practical again:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Efficient<\/strong>: one packet can serve thousands of receivers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Robust<\/strong>: unicast fallback is built-in, so failures don\u2019t break the stream.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Practical<\/strong>: works today, even without multicast routers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Deployable<\/strong>: it\u2019s just QUIC \u2014 already used by major Internet services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This makes it promising for content delivery networks, software updates, and live streaming at scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What\u2019s Next?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our future work will explore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Forward Erasure Correction<\/strong> to improve reliability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Smarter flow control<\/strong> for heterogeneous receivers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Source authentication<\/strong> to defend against spoofed multicast traffic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multiple flexicast flows<\/strong> (e.g., different video bitrates).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dynamic key rotation<\/strong> for large, changing groups.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inter-domain deployment<\/strong> using AMT and TreeDN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>New use cases<\/strong> like software updates or gaming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The source code and experiment scripts are open-source: <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/IPNetworkingLab\/flexicast-quic\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Flexicast QUIC on GitHub<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Our latest paper with Louis Navarre, Quentin de Coninck, Tom Barbette and Olivier Bonaventure has recently appeared in SIGCOMM CCR! In short: Flexicast QUIC brings multicast back to the Internet by blending it with unicast, all within QUIC. It offers scalability where multicast works, and robustness where it doesn\u2019t \u2014 making it a practical transport &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,11,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-network","category-researchproject","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR - Tom Barbette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR - Tom Barbette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Our latest paper with Louis Navarre, Quentin de Coninck, Tom Barbette and Olivier Bonaventure has recently appeared in SIGCOMM CCR! In short: Flexicast QUIC brings multicast back to the Internet by blending it with unicast, all within QUIC. It offers scalability where multicast works, and robustness where it doesn\u2019t \u2014 making it a practical transport &hellip; Continue reading &quot;Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Tom Barbette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-09-03T13:10:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-09-03T13:15:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fcquic.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1336\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"615\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tom Barbette\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TomBarbette\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TomBarbette\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tom Barbette\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tom Barbette\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7f791766092e1207bc7a94a65e74f4fd\"},\"headline\":\"Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-03T13:10:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-09-03T13:15:14+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":812,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/fcquic-1024x471.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Network\",\"Research project\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/flexicast-quic-rethinking-multicast-for-the-quic-era-in-sigcomm-ccr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Flexicast QUIC: Rethinking Multicast for the QUIC Era in SIGCOMM CCR - 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In short: Flexicast QUIC brings multicast back to the Internet by blending it with unicast, all within QUIC. 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