{"id":5693,"date":"2025-12-15T22:10:13","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T21:10:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/?p=5693"},"modified":"2026-01-11T14:00:36","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T13:00:36","slug":"pamo-at-middleware25","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/pamo-at-middleware25\/","title":{"rendered":"PAMO at Middleware&#8217;25"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PAMO: Pattern Matching Offload for Intrusion Detection Systems<br>Luk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160i\u0161mi\u0161, Colin Evrard, Etienne Rivi\u00e8re, Tom Barbette<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This week I am going to present PAMO, a modified version of the industry-grade Suricata IDS to support offloading pattern matching to the RegEx engine of the BlueField 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We first review and analyses the internals of IDS, focusing on Suricata with the help of one of its maintainers, Lukas Sisimis who did a 6 month exchange with us at UCLouvain (and continued to work on it as the job was much bigger than initially envisioned).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"273\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-1024x273.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-1024x273.png 1024w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-768x205.png 768w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1-1536x410.png 1536w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1.png 1612w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We then benchmarked what the RegEx engine was capable of. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized text-center center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"836\" height=\"548\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5713\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.525519585667337;width:389px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-2.png 836w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-2-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-2-768x503.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The answer is : 51Gbps with big packets and not too many rules (we employed the widely used Emerging Threats ruleset). Still, the RXP engine used from the ARM cores of the BlueField provides a huge help and alleviate 6 or 7 x86 cores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-3-1024x559.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-3-1024x559.png 1024w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-3-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-3-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-3.png 1026w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the reality is that an IDS is far from being just about rules matching. And industry-grade IDS have complex processing to decide which rules should be evaluated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After many challenges we evaluate PAMO using a real trace and a window-based mechanism to accelerate it using parallel traces, leaving temporal features untouched. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5733\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-4.png 828w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-4-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-4-768x345.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While we reduce the payload prefilter CPU processing time to peanuts, the RXP has a cost that bring the improvement to 6X. As we can&#8217;t beat Amdahl&#8217;s law, we get a 40% performance increase (this is with one core).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps an interesting result is how PAMO improves the performance of Suricata on the BlueField 2 itself. In that mode the IDS runs entierly on the NIC. As the ARM cores are weaker, the improvement reaches 70%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"938\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5763\" srcset=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7.png 938w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-7-768x355.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Come say hello at Middleware&#8217;25 in Nashville, or check out our <a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3721462.3770768\">paper<\/a> !<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PAMO: Pattern Matching Offload for Intrusion Detection SystemsLuk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160i\u0161mi\u0161, Colin Evrard, Etienne Rivi\u00e8re, Tom Barbette This week I am going to present PAMO, a modified version of the industry-grade Suricata IDS to support offloading pattern matching to the RegEx engine of the BlueField 2. We first review and analyses the internals of IDS, focusing on &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/pamo-at-middleware25\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;PAMO at Middleware&#8217;25&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-researchproject"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PAMO at Middleware&#039;25 - Tom Barbette<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/pamo-at-middleware25\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PAMO at Middleware&#039;25 - Tom Barbette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"PAMO: Pattern Matching Offload for Intrusion Detection SystemsLuk\u00e1\u0161 \u0160i\u0161mi\u0161, Colin Evrard, Etienne Rivi\u00e8re, Tom Barbette This week I am going to present PAMO, a modified version of the industry-grade Suricata IDS to support offloading pattern matching to the RegEx engine of the BlueField 2. We first review and analyses the internals of IDS, focusing on &hellip; Continue reading &quot;PAMO at Middleware&#8217;25&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/pamo-at-middleware25\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Tom Barbette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-15T21:10:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-11T13:00:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/perso.uclouvain.be\/tom.barbette\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1612\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tom Barbette\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TomBarbette\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TomBarbette\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tom Barbette\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/pamo-at-middleware25\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/pamo-at-middleware25\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tom Barbette\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7f791766092e1207bc7a94a65e74f4fd\"},\"headline\":\"PAMO at Middleware&#8217;25\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-15T21:10:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-11T13:00:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/pamo-at-middleware25\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":284,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/pamo-at-middleware25\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/image-1-1024x273.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Research project\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/pamo-at-middleware25\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/perso.uclouvain.be\\\/tom.barbette\\\/pamo-at-middleware25\\\/\",\"name\":\"PAMO at Middleware'25 - 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